B. Common
Dual federalism is a system which divides and delineates powers between federal and state governments. The fact that such powers are defined and delineated does not mean that the states and the federal government will remain in harmony over areas of jurisdiction. Dual federalism intends to treat states and the federal government as co-equal sovereign powers, which means that those two powers will inevitably come into conflict with one another over issues that have pertinence beyond the borders of any one state.
